Indiana's population and demographics

This page covers Indiana as a whole. For cities such as Gary, Fort Wayne or Muncie, the Census Bureau publishes its own estimates in QuickFacts. Indiana holds 2.04% of the US population and is larger than Kentucky; smaller than Illinois, Michigan and Ohio¹. Most figures below compare it with those four neighbors and with the US.

Faster growth than every neighbor

Since the April 2020 estimates base, Indiana has added 186,728 residents, a gain of 2.75%. That is 0.4 percentage points below the US figure (3.10%), but higher than every bordering state (Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan and Ohio). The same was true over the latest year: the growth rate between July 2024 and July 2025 was higher than every bordering state (Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan and Ohio), and the state ranked 12th highest¹ for the number of people gained.

IndianaIllinoisKentuckyMichiganOhioUnited States

Source: Census Bureau, Intercensal Estimates of the Resident Population for States, 2000-2010; Census Bureau, Intercensal Estimates of the Resident Population for States, 2010-2020; Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program, Vintage 2025. July 1 estimates: intercensal series for 2000–2019, Vintage 2025 for 2020–2025.

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Year	Indiana	Illinois	Kentucky	Michigan	Ohio	United States
2000	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
2001	100.6	100.4	100.5	100.4	100.2	101.0
2002	101.1	100.7	101.0	100.6	100.4	101.9
2003	101.7	101.0	101.7	100.9	100.6	102.8
2004	102.3	101.3	102.4	101.0	100.8	103.8
2005	103.1	101.4	103.3	101.0	100.9	104.7
2006	104.0	101.7	104.2	100.8	101.0	105.7
2007	104.7	102.1	105.1	100.5	101.2	106.8
2008	105.5	102.5	105.9	99.9	101.3	107.8
2009	106.0	102.9	106.6	99.5	101.5	108.7
2010	106.6	103.3	107.4	99.3	101.6	109.6
2011	107.1	103.7	108.0	99.4	101.7	110.5
2012	107.5	104.0	108.5	99.7	101.8	111.4
2013	108.0	104.2	109.1	100.0	102.2	112.2
2014	108.5	104.3	109.4	100.2	102.5	113.1
2015	108.8	104.3	109.7	100.4	102.7	114.1
2016	109.3	104.1	110.1	100.7	103.0	115.0
2017	109.8	103.9	110.5	101.0	103.3	115.8
2018	110.4	103.6	110.8	101.2	103.5	116.4
2019	111.0	103.3	111.1	101.3	103.7	117.0
2020	111.5	102.9	111.3	101.2	103.8	117.5
2021	111.9	102.2	111.3	100.9	103.5	117.7
2022	112.3	101.4	111.7	100.9	103.5	118.4
2023	113.0	101.6	112.4	101.1	103.9	119.3
2024	113.8	102.2	113.2	101.5	104.4	120.5
2025	114.5	102.3	113.8	101.8	104.7	121.1

The lead is not new. Between the 2010 and 2020 censuses Indiana grew by 4.7%, 2.7 percentage points below the US figure (7.4%) and again higher than every bordering state (Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan and Ohio)⁶. Its July 1 estimate has risen in every year since 2000, from 6,091,866⁹ to a peak of 6,973,333 in 2025¹.

Births, movers and immigrants since 2020

Indiana grows from all three sources at once. Between April 2020 and June 2025, births exceeded deaths by 26,122, people arriving from other states outnumbered those leaving by 41,968, and net international migration added 117,923. Indiana is one of 30 states, plus the District of Columbia, that recorded more births than deaths between April 2020 and June 2025, and one of 26 states that gained more residents from other states than they lost between April 2020 and June 2025¹.

The yearly figures moved in different directions in 2025. Net domestic migration rose to 12,197 in the year to June 2025, up from 6,024 the year before and 3,077 in 2023; the 2025 gain was higher than every bordering state (Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan and Ohio). Net international migration fell from 38,414 to 17,852, in line with the national drop from 2,734,468 to 1,262,202¹.

Indiana recorded 79,648 births and 71,087 deaths in the year to June 2025, leaving 8,561 more births than deaths, down from 9,171¹ a year earlier.

Who moves in and out

The Census Bureau's survey of movers shows Indiana trading people mostly with nearby states. In 2024 the largest number of new arrivals came from Illinois (25,727), statistically larger than the flow from Ohio. The most common destination of people leaving was Florida (14,906), not statistically different from the flow to Illinois¹¹.

Moved to Indiana from

Illinois25,727 ±3,764

Ohio11,600 ±2,893

Kentucky10,166 ±2,125

California9,740 ±2,396

Florida9,264 ±2,655

Michigan7,283 ±1,726

Texas5,637 ±1,796

Georgia5,140 ±2,513

Left Indiana for

Florida14,906 ±3,336

Illinois14,098 ±3,099

Ohio10,916 ±2,649

Michigan8,855 ±1,871

Texas8,246 ±2,755

Kentucky7,756 ±1,564

California7,654 ±3,693

Tennessee6,707 ±3,441

Source: Census Bureau, State-to-State Migration Flows, 2024. People aged 1 and over who lived in another state a year earlier (and the reverse). Survey estimates: whiskers show the 90% margin of error.

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State	Moved in from	Moved out to
Illinois	25,727 ±3,764	14,098 ±3,099
Ohio	11,600 ±2,893	10,916 ±2,649
Kentucky	10,166 ±2,125	7,756 ±1,564
California	9,740 ±2,396	7,654 ±3,693
Florida	9,264 ±2,655	14,906 ±3,336
Michigan	7,283 ±1,726	8,855 ±1,871
Texas	5,637 ±1,796	8,246 ±2,755
Georgia	5,140 ±2,513	–
Tennessee	4,460 ±1,890	6,707 ±3,441

In total 133,372 people moved in from other states and 130,458 moved out; the difference, 2,914 (±13,939¹¹), is within the survey's margin of error. Tax returns for 2022 to 2023 show a net gain of 4,837 people, while the households that left reported more income than those that arrived: the net income flow was −$326 million¹².

A state of people born there

Most residents are Indiana-born. In 2025, 66.2% of residents were born in the state, 9.8 percentage points above the US figure (56.4%); the state ranks between 8th and 10th highest. Among those born elsewhere in the country, the Midwest is the most common birthplace region: 12.6% of residents were born in another Midwestern state, against 2.3% in the Northeast and 2.9%¹³ in the West.

Census counts since 1800

The first census to count the area of today's Indiana, in 1800, found 2,632 people. By 1860 the count had reached 1,350,428, and Indiana ranked 5th of 44¹⁴ among the states counted that year, its highest position. Over the long run its rank has fallen, as other states grew faster, to 17th of 51⁶ at the 2020 Census, while its population kept rising at every count.

Source: Census Bureau, Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals by Race, 1790 to 1990; Census Bureau, 2020 Census apportionment results and historical resident population 1910-2020; Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program, Vintage 2025. Census counts every ten years (April 1); estimates for July 1 after 2020.

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Year	Indiana
1800	2,632
1810	24,520
1820	147,178
1830	343,031
1840	685,866
1850	988,416
1860	1,350,428
1870	1,680,637
1880	1,978,301
1890	2,192,404
1900	2,516,462
1910	2,700,876
1920	2,930,390
1930	3,238,503
1940	3,427,796
1950	3,934,224
1960	4,662,498
1970	5,193,669
1980	5,490,224
1990	5,544,159
2000	6,080,485
2010	6,483,802
2020	6,785,528
2021	6,814,223
2022	6,841,491
2023	6,881,373
2024	6,934,754
2025	6,973,333

The 2020 Census left Indiana with 9 seats in the House of Representatives, unchanged (+0¹⁵).

Race and ethnicity

Two patterns stand out. First, the Black population is larger once people of more than one race are counted: 11.9% of residents reported Black alone or with another race in 2025, 2.6 percentage points below the US figure (14.5%)¹⁶. The non-Hispanic Black alone share was up from 8.9% in 2024².

Single group (adds to 100%)Alone or in combination with other races

White, not Hispanic72.7% 82.8%

Hispanic or Latino (any race)9.5%

Black, not Hispanic9.5% 11.9%

Two or more races, not Hispanic4.7%

Asian, not Hispanic3.0% 3.9%

Some other race, not Hispanic0.4%

American Indian and Alaska Native, not Hispanic0.2% 2.3%

Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander, not Hispanic0.0% 0.1%

Source: Census Bureau, American Community Survey 1-year estimates, 2025, table B03002; Census Bureau, American Community Survey 1-year estimates, 2025, table B02009. The dark bars are mutually exclusive and add to 100%. The light bars count everyone who reported the race, alone or with another race and of any ethnicity, so they overlap and add to more than 100%.

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Group	Share (single group)	MOE	Alone or in combination
White, not Hispanic	72.7%	±0.1	82.8%
Hispanic or Latino (any race)	9.5%		–
Black, not Hispanic	9.5%	±0.2	11.9%
Two or more races, not Hispanic	4.7%	±0.2	–
Asian, not Hispanic	3.0%	±0.1	3.9%
Some other race, not Hispanic	0.4%	±0.1	–
American Indian and Alaska Native, not Hispanic	0.2%		2.3%
Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander, not Hispanic	0.0%		0.1%

Second, the Hispanic and Asian shares are rising. In the American Community Survey, the Hispanic or Latino share was 9.5% in 2025, up from 9.0% in 2024, and the non-Hispanic Asian share 3.0%, up from 2.7% in 2024². The Census Bureau's population estimates, built from births, deaths and migration rather than a survey, show the same direction since 2020: the Hispanic share was 9.6% in July 2025, up from 8.2% in 2020, and the non-Hispanic white share 73.5%, down from 76.3% in 2020¹⁷. Mexican origin is by far the largest Hispanic group: 5.7% of the whole population in 2020–2024, against 0.8% of Puerto Rican origin. The Mexican-origin share is higher than Kentucky, Michigan and Ohio; lower than Illinois¹⁸.

On the diversity index, the probability that two residents chosen at random belong to different race or ethnic groups, Indiana scores 45.0, 29% below the US figure (63.5). It is more diverse than Kentucky and Ohio; less diverse than Illinois and Michigan¹⁹.

Density and the rural share

With 194.6 people per square mile in 2025, Indiana is the 18th most densely populated state, 101% above the US figure (96.7 people per square mile). Its land area of 35,825 square miles is smaller than every bordering state (Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan and Ohio)²¹, and it is denser than Kentucky and Michigan; less dense than Illinois and Ohio²⁰. At the 2020 Census, 28.8% of residents lived in rural areas, 8.8 percentage points above the US figure (20.0%) and higher than Illinois, Michigan and Ohio; lower than Kentucky²².

Most workers drive. In 2025, 76.7% of workers drove to work alone, 6.9 percentage points above the US figure (69.8%), and only 0.6%²³ used public transportation.

Younger than the rest of the region

Indiana's median age is 38.7 years (±0.2 years), 0.8 years below the US figure (39.5 years) and younger than every bordering state (Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan and Ohio)³. It was 36.1 years²⁴ in 2005.

IndianaUnited States

Source: Census Bureau, American Community Survey 1-year estimates, 2005-2019 and 2021-2025. ACS 1-year estimates; no standard 1-year release for 2020. Shaded band: 90% margin of error.

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Year	Indiana	United States
2005	36.1 ±0.1	36.4 ±0.2
2006	36.3 ±0.2	36.4 ±0.2
2007	36.5 ±0.1	36.7 ±0.1
2008	36.8 ±0.1	36.9 ±0.1
2009	36.8 ±0.1	36.8 ±0.1
2010	36.9 ±0.2	37.2 ±0.1
2011	37.1 ±0.1	37.3 ±0.1
2012	37.3 ±0.1	37.4 ±0.1
2013	37.3 ±0.1	37.5 ±0.1
2014	37.4 ±0.2	37.7 ±0.1
2015	37.5 ±0.1	37.8 ±0.1
2016	37.6 ±0.1	37.9 ±0.1
2017	37.7 ±0.2	38.1 ±0.1
2018	37.8 ±0.2	38.2 ±0.2
2019	38.0 ±0.2	38.5 ±0.1
2021	38.2 ±0.2	38.8 ±0.1
2022	38.2 ±0.2	39.0 ±0.1
2023	38.3 ±0.2	39.2 ±0.1
2024	38.3 ±0.1	39.2 ±0.1
2025	38.7 ±0.2	39.5 ±0.1

The difference sits at the young end. Children under 18 make up 22.6% of the population, the 11th highest share and higher than every bordering state (Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan and Ohio); the share of children under five, 5.8%, is likewise higher than every bordering state (Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan and Ohio). Residents aged 65 and older are 18.4%, lower than every bordering state (Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan and Ohio), though that share was up from 16.6% in 2020¹⁷.

Birth rates are also higher than in the neighboring states. In 2024 Indiana recorded 11.6 per 1,000 residents, tied for 8th highest and higher than every bordering state (Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan and Ohio). Its total fertility rate, the average number of children a woman would have at current rates, was 1.77, 11% above the US figure (1.60). The difference is largest among women in their late twenties: women aged 25 to 29 had 115.0 per 1,000 women aged 25 to 29, 28% above the US figure (89.5 per 1,000 women aged 25 to 29), while the rate for ages 30 to 34 was 3% above the US figure (93.7 per 1,000 women aged 30 to 34)²⁵.

Kentucky1.80

Indiana1.77

Ohio1.65

United States1.60

Michigan1.52

Illinois1.47

Source: CDC National Center for Health Statistics, Births. Period: 2024.

Show the numbers

State	Births per woman
Kentucky	1.80
Indiana	1.77
Ohio	1.65
United States	1.60
Michigan	1.52
Illinois	1.47

Incomes, prices and poverty

The median household income in Indiana was $74,516 in 2025 (±$875), $10,264 (12%) below the US figure ($84,780). Allowing for the margins of error the state ranks between 39th and 43rd from the top, and it is higher than Kentucky; lower than Illinois and Michigan; not statistically different from Ohio. The median was not statistically different from $73,852 in 2024 (in 2025 dollars)⁴.

Incomes are bunched in the middle. 31.8% of households had income between $50,000 and $100,000, 4.0 percentage points above the US figure (27.8%), while 9.2% had $200,000 or more, 5.6 percentage points below the US figure (14.8%)²⁶. The Gini index of income inequality, 0.452, is less unequal than every bordering state (Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan and Ohio)²⁷.

IndianaUnited States

Under $25,00014.0% 14.0%

$25,000–$49,99918.6% 15.4%

$50,000–$99,99931.8% 27.8%

$100,000–$199,99926.3% 28.0%

$200,000 or more9.2% 14.8%

Source: Census Bureau, American Community Survey 1-year estimates, 2025, table B19001. Share of households in each band of income in the past 12 months, in 2025 dollars.

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Household income	Indiana	MOE	United States
Under $25,000	14.0%	±0.4	14.0%
$25,000–$49,999	18.6%	±0.5	15.4%
$50,000–$99,999	31.8%	±0.7	27.8%
$100,000–$199,999	26.3%	±0.5	28.0%
$200,000 or more	9.2%	±0.3	14.8%

Lower prices narrow the gap. The Bureau of Economic Analysis puts Indiana's overall price level at 93.3 in 2024 (US = 100), and housing costs at 73.9, 27% below the US figure (100.6). Personal income per resident was $66,455 in 2025, $10,573 (14%) below the US figure ($77,028)²⁹; after adjusting for state price levels, the 2024 figure of $55,562 was $3,633 (6%) below the US figure ($59,195)²⁸.

The official poverty rate, 11.9% (±0.4 percentage points), is not statistically different from the US figure (11.8%). Child poverty was 15.0%, down from 16.4% in 2024, and poverty among people 65 and older, 9.8%, is lower than every bordering state (Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan and Ohio)⁵. Under the Census Bureau's Supplemental Poverty Measure, which counts benefits, taxes and local housing costs, the rate averaged 10.3% over 2023 to 2025, 2.7 percentage points below the US figure (13.0%)³⁰. In fiscal year 2025, 8.5% of residents received SNAP food benefits, lower than every bordering state (Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan and Ohio)³¹.

Housing

70.9% of Indiana households own their home, 5.6 percentage points above the US figure (65.3%)³², and 72.2%³³ of housing units are single-family houses. The median value of an owner-occupied home was $255,200 in 2025, $115,900 (31%) below the US figure ($371,100)³⁴. Values have risen quickly: in 2025 dollars the median was $177,939²⁴ in 2015. Median gross rent was $1,187, up from $1,133 in 2024 (in 2025 dollars)³⁵.

IndianaUnited States

Source: Census Bureau, American Community Survey 1-year estimates, 2005-2019 and 2021-2025. ACS 1-year estimates; no standard 1-year release for 2020. Adjusted to 2025 dollars with the CPI-U annual average. Shaded band: 90% margin of error.

Show the numbers

Year	Indiana	United States
2005	$188,583 ±$1,276	$276,116 ±$531
2006	$192,751 ±$1,148	$295,753 ±$781
2007	$190,829 ±$1,273	$301,692 ±$666
2008	$187,212 ±$1,492	$295,472 ±$677
2009	$184,729 ±$1,267	$277,919 ±$494
2010	$182,043 ±$1,321	$265,609 ±$431
2011	$175,184 ±$1,506	$248,464 ±$361
2012	$172,053 ±$1,137	$241,043 ±$360
2013	$168,879 ±$1,166	$240,327 ±$310
2014	$169,039 ±$1,372	$246,418 ±$458
2015	$177,939 ±$1,313	$264,192 ±$394
2016	$180,819 ±$1,328	$274,985 ±$626
2017	$185,322 ±$1,378	$285,798 ±$574
2018	$188,853 ±$1,426	$294,497 ±$469
2019	$196,447 ±$1,243	$302,856 ±$568
2021	$216,712 ±$2,383	$334,335 ±$537
2022	$229,586 ±$2,053	$353,015 ±$684
2023	$238,682 ±$2,010	$359,450 ±$603
2024	$249,907 ±$1,966	$370,088 ±$634
2025	$255,200 ±$2,289	$371,100 ±$646

Evangelical churches, Catholic parishes and Amish districts

The U.S. Religion Census, which collects counts from congregations rather than asking residents, found Evangelical Protestant churches the largest tradition in Indiana in 2020 (18.3% of residents), although the Catholic Church is the largest single body (11.5%). Non-denominational churches had the most congregations, 1,164, just ahead of The United Methodist Church (1,053³⁶).

Christian congregations counted 41.2% of Hoosiers, and synagogues 11,559 members. Amish groups counted 56,972 adherents, 0.84% of the population. Overall, 42.1% of residents were counted, higher than Michigan; lower than Illinois, Kentucky and Ohio³⁶. Because some churches did not report and the counts follow each body's own rules, they describe membership, not belief (about the source).

Education

Among adults aged 25 and older, 30.7% (±0.5 percentage points) hold a bachelor's degree or higher, 6.7 percentage points below the US figure (37.4%). Given the margins of error the state ranks between 42nd and 44th from the top, and it is higher than Kentucky; lower than Illinois, Michigan and Ohio. The share has risen steadily, from 21.3%²⁴ in 2005. Graduate and professional degrees are less common: 11.2%, lower than every bordering state (Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan and Ohio)³⁷.

At the high school level the picture differs. 91.2% of adults have at least a diploma, not statistically different from the US figure (90.6%)³⁷, and the four-year public high school graduation rate was 88%³⁸ for the class of 2022.

Burmese, Pennsylvania German and other groups

Indiana's foreign-born population is modest: 494,582 people, or 7.1% of residents in 2025, 7.6 percentage points below the US figure (14.7%)¹³. Some smaller groups, though, are larger here than almost anywhere.

In 2020–2024, 27,101 (±2,272) Indiana residents reported Burmese as their Asian group, the largest number of any state, ahead of California (20,518), and the highest³⁹ share of the population. The Census language category "other languages of Asia", for Asian languages without a category of their own, is spoken at home by the highest⁴⁰ share of residents of any state; 67.9%⁴¹ of its speakers reported speaking English less than "very well" in 2025.

The European-origin population has its own distinct groups. German is the most common ancestry, reported by 19.5% of residents. Indiana has the 3rd largest number of people of Pennsylvania German ancestry and the 5th largest⁴² number of Swiss ancestry. The Census language category "Yiddish, Pennsylvania Dutch or other West Germanic languages" is spoken at home by 35,784 residents, the 4th largest⁴⁰ number of any state (2020–2024).

Overall, 11.1% of residents aged five and older speak a language other than English at home, 11.8 percentage points below the US figure (22.9%); Spanish is the most common, at 6.0%⁴³.

Health and the drop in Medicaid enrollment

Life expectancy at birth was 75.4 years in 2022, the 12th shortest in the country and longer than Kentucky; shorter than Illinois, Michigan and Ohio⁴⁴. In the 2024 CDC survey of adults, 38.4% had obesity, the 6th highest share and higher than every bordering state (Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan and Ohio), and 13.9% smoked, 2.3 percentage points above the US figure (11.6%)⁴⁵. The infant mortality rate in 2024 was 6.3 per 1,000 live births, 15% above the US figure (5.5 per 1,000 live births)⁴⁶.

Enrollment in Medicaid and CHIP, as counted by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, fell from 1,683,055 in June 2025 to 1,380,785 in June 2026. The change, −18.0%, was the lowest in the nation: no other state had a steeper fall. It was 12.2 percentage points below the US figure (−5.8%)⁴⁸. These are administrative counts of people enrolled, a different measure from the survey figures on health coverage. In the 2025 survey, 8.1% of residents had no health insurance, up from 7.5% in 2024 and higher than every bordering state (Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan and Ohio)⁴⁷.

Households, work and veterans

Indiana had 2,816,686 households in 2025, up from 2,775,637 in 2024, with an average of 2.41⁵⁰ people each. Married couples head 46.1% of households, not statistically different from the US figure (46.6%)⁴⁹.

The state's unemployment rate averaged 3.7% in 2025, lower than every bordering state (Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan and Ohio), and 63.8% of people aged 16 and older were in the labor force, 1.4 percentage points above the US figure (62.4%)⁵¹. 315,178 veterans lived in Indiana in 2025, 5.8% of civilian adults, not statistically different from the US figure (5.9%)⁵².