Texas population and demographics

Texas added 391,243 people in the year to July 2025, the highest in the nation and about twice the gain of second-placed Florida (196,680). It is home to 9.28% of everyone in the United States. Since the April 2020 census base the state has gained 2,560,323 residents, again the highest in the nation¹.

Where the growth comes from

Population change has three parts: births minus deaths (natural change), people moving in from other states minus those leaving (net domestic migration), and net international migration. In 2025 all three were positive in Texas, and it is by far the largest of the states where that was true.

Births+390,203

Deaths−232,492

Net domestic migration+67,299

Net international migration+167,475

Residual (estimation adjustment)−1,242

Total change+391,243

Source: Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program, Vintage 2025. Each bar starts where the previous one ended. The residual is the part of the change the Census Bureau cannot assign to a component.

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Component	People
Births	390,203
Deaths	−232,492
Net domestic migration	67,299
Net international migration	167,475
Residual (estimation adjustment)	−1,242
Total change	391,243

Texas recorded 390,203 births and 232,492 deaths in the year to June 2025, a natural increase of 157,711, the highest in the nation. Natural change has been steady: 157,366 the year before. What moved was migration. Net migration from all sources fell from 440,931 in the year to June 2024 to 234,774 in the year to June 2025. Net international migration dropped from 354,864 to 167,475, in step with the national fall from 2,734,468 to 1,262,202¹.

The domestic side has been shrinking for longer. Texas gained 218,840 more residents from other states than it lost in the year to June 2022, then 188,667 in 2023, 86,067 in 2024 and 67,299 in 2025. Even the smallest of those figures was the 2nd highest¹ in the country.

Over the longer run, the Texas population has risen at every census since its first, in 1850.

Source: Census Bureau, Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals by Race, 1790 to 1990; Census Bureau, 2020 Census apportionment results and historical resident population 1910-2020; Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program, Vintage 2025. Census counts every ten years (April 1); estimates for July 1 after 2020.

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Year	Texas
1850	212,592
1860	604,215
1870	818,579
1880	1,591,749
1890	2,235,527
1900	3,048,710
1910	3,896,542
1920	4,663,228
1930	5,824,715
1940	6,414,824
1950	7,711,194
1960	9,579,677
1970	11,196,730
1980	14,229,191
1990	16,986,510
2000	20,851,820
2010	25,145,561
2020	29,145,505
2021	29,572,672
2022	30,118,002
2023	30,719,247
2024	31,318,578
2025	31,709,821

Race and ethnicity: no majority group

Texas is one of a handful of states where no single race or ethnic group makes up more than half of the population. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race are the largest group, at 40.9% in 2025, followed by non-Hispanic white residents at 36.4%, non-Hispanic Black residents at 11.7% and non-Hispanic Asian residents at 6.3%².

Single group (adds to 100%)Alone or in combination with other races

Hispanic or Latino (any race)40.9%

White, not Hispanic36.4% 70.2%

Black, not Hispanic11.7% 14.2%

Asian, not Hispanic6.3% 7.6%

Two or more races, not Hispanic3.8%

Some other race, not Hispanic0.4%

American Indian and Alaska Native, not Hispanic0.3% 2.9%

Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander, not Hispanic0.1% 0.4%

Source: Census Bureau, American Community Survey 1-year estimates, 2025, table B03002; Census Bureau, American Community Survey 1-year estimates, 2025, table B02009. The dark bars are mutually exclusive and add to 100%. The light bars count everyone who reported the race, alone or with another race and of any ethnicity, so they overlap and add to more than 100%.

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Group	Share (single group)	MOE	Alone or in combination
Hispanic or Latino (any race)	40.9%		–
White, not Hispanic	36.4%	±0.1	70.2%
Black, not Hispanic	11.7%	±0.1	14.2%
Asian, not Hispanic	6.3%	±0.1	7.6%
Two or more races, not Hispanic	3.8%	±0.1	–
Some other race, not Hispanic	0.4%		–
American Indian and Alaska Native, not Hispanic	0.3%		2.9%
Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander, not Hispanic	0.1%		0.4%

The non-Hispanic white share fell from 37.8% in 2024 to 36.4% in 2025, while the Hispanic share rose from 40.3%². The Census Bureau's population estimates, which use a different method, show the same direction over five years: the non-Hispanic white share was down from 40.3% in 2020¹¹. On the diversity index, the chance that two residents picked at random belong to different groups, Texas scores 68.1, tied for 6th most diverse¹² in the nation.

The Black share of Texas (11.7%) is not statistically different from the US figure (11.7%). The non-Hispanic Asian share was up from 6.0% in 2024².

Income, poverty and the cost of living

The median Texas household had income of $82,625 in 2025 (±$670), $2,155 (3%) below the US figure ($84,780) and higher than every bordering state (Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico and Oklahoma). Ranked against all states, Texas is 24th highest; given the survey's margins of error its true position is between 22nd and 29th⁴.

TexasUnited States

Source: Census Bureau, American Community Survey 1-year estimates, 2005-2019 and 2021-2025. ACS 1-year estimates; no standard 1-year release for 2020. Adjusted to 2025 dollars with the CPI-U annual average. Shaded band: 90% margin of error.

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Year	Texas	United States
2005	$69,464 ±$407	$76,228 ±$171
2006	$71,738 ±$458	$77,373 ±$131
2007	$73,828 ±$478	$78,785 ±$116
2008	$74,829 ±$329	$77,799 ±$109
2009	$72,419 ±$366	$75,364 ±$111
2010	$71,776 ±$512	$73,889 ±$94
2011	$70,692 ±$560	$72,281 ±$104
2012	$71,149 ±$374	$72,034 ±$74
2013	$71,454 ±$329	$72,209 ±$90
2014	$72,124 ±$513	$72,969 ±$126
2015	$75,594 ±$427	$75,760 ±$115
2016	$75,876 ±$402	$77,287 ±$154
2017	$77,762 ±$644	$79,246 ±$113
2018	$77,732 ±$358	$79,409 ±$121
2019	$80,637 ±$630	$82,750 ±$149
2021	$79,560 ±$610	$82,832 ±$159
2022	$79,518 ±$487	$82,236 ±$163
2023	$80,068 ±$499	$82,117 ±$197
2024	$81,819 ±$579	$83,751 ±$131
2025	$82,625 ±$670	$84,780 ±$215

Adjusted for inflation, the Texas median has been below the national median in every year since 2005 on the survey's point estimates. The gap narrowed until 2015, when the two were almost equal, and has been wider since. The spread of incomes is close to the national pattern: 13.9% of households had income of $200,000 or more, and 13.7%¹⁴ had less than $25,000.

TexasUnited States

Under $25,00013.7% 14.0%

$25,000–$49,99915.9% 15.4%

$50,000–$99,99928.7% 27.8%

$100,000–$199,99927.9% 28.0%

$200,000 or more13.9% 14.8%

Source: Census Bureau, American Community Survey 1-year estimates, 2025, table B19001. Share of households in each band of income in the past 12 months, in 2025 dollars.

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Household income	Texas	MOE	United States
Under $25,000	13.7%	±0.3	14.0%
$25,000–$49,999	15.9%	±0.3	15.4%
$50,000–$99,999	28.7%	±0.3	27.8%
$100,000–$199,999	27.9%	±0.3	28.0%
$200,000 or more	13.9%	±0.2	14.8%

The official poverty rate was 12.7% (±0.3 percentage points), 0.9 percentage points above the US figure (11.8%) but down from 13.4% in 2024, a statistically significant decline. Child poverty was higher, at 16.7%⁵. The Census Bureau's Supplemental Poverty Measure, which counts benefits and taxes and adjusts for local housing costs, puts Texas at 14.4% on average over 2023 to 2025, against 11.7%¹⁵ on the official measure from the same survey.

Prices in Texas are close to the national average. The Bureau of Economic Analysis puts the state's overall price level at 97.1 (US = 100) for 2024, 3% below the US figure (100.0) and more expensive than every bordering state (Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico and Oklahoma)¹⁶. Homes cost less than nationally: the median value of an owner-occupied home was $318,100, $53,000 (14%) below the US figure ($371,100)¹⁷, and median gross rent was $1,515¹⁸. Only 62.7% of households own their home, tied for 6th lowest¹⁹ among the states.

Catholic parishes, Baptist churches and mosques

Texas counts the third-largest Catholic population of any state, after California and New York. In the 2020 U.S. Religion Census, Catholic parishes counted 5,905,142 adherents, 20.3% of residents, making the Catholic Church the largest single body. Protestant churches are more numerous: the Southern Baptist Convention had 7,935 congregations, far more than any other body in the state, and counted 11.4% of Texans; Evangelical Protestant churches together counted 23.5%²⁰, the largest tradition.

Readers also ask what percent of Texas is Christian or Muslim. Christian congregations counted 53.1% of the population, the 10th highest share, and the mosque study estimated 313,209 people taking part in mosques, the 5th most²⁰ number of any state. These are counts from congregations rather than a survey of residents; the religion overview explains the difference.

A young state

With a median age of 36.2 years (±0.2 years), Texas is the 3rd youngest state, 3.3 years below the US figure (39.5 years)³. Only Utah and DC are younger. Children under 18 make up 24.0% of the population, the 2nd highest share in the country, and Texas is home to 7,600,514 children, the 2nd most after California. Residents aged 65 and older are 14.9%, the 3rd lowest¹¹ share.

MenWomenUnited States

MenWomen

85+

80–84

75–79

70–74

65–69

60–64

55–59

50–54

45–49

40–44

35–39

30–34

25–29

20–24

15–19

10–14

5–9

0–4

Source: Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program, Vintage 2025. Share of the total population in each age group. Vertical ticks: the United States.

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Age	Men (%)	Women (%)	US men (%)	US women (%)
0-4	3.21	3.07	2.76	2.65
5-9	3.37	3.26	2.96	2.83
10-14	3.46	3.33	3.08	2.95
15-19	3.61	3.43	3.31	3.16
20-24	3.67	3.49	3.43	3.28
25-29	3.73	3.64	3.46	3.37
30-34	3.62	3.57	3.41	3.38
35-39	3.56	3.54	3.38	3.40
40-44	3.39	3.44	3.21	3.27
45-49	3.04	3.13	2.93	3.03
50-54	2.85	2.97	2.83	2.96
55-59	2.65	2.77	2.86	3.02
60-64	2.57	2.76	2.96	3.21
65-69	2.29	2.54	2.75	3.08
70-74	1.80	2.11	2.26	2.64
75-79	1.31	1.61	1.71	2.08
80-84	0.75	0.99	1.00	1.32
85+	0.55	0.90	0.78	1.28

The base of the pyramid is wide. Texas had a birth rate of 12.5 per 1,000 residents in 2024, the 2nd highest of any state, and a total fertility rate of 1.77 births per woman, 11% above the US figure (1.60)²¹. The median age is still rising slowly: it was 35.9 years³ in 2024.

Education of adults

Among Texans aged 25 and older, 35.5% hold a bachelor's degree or higher, 1.9 percentage points below the US figure (37.4%); allowing for the margins of error, the state ranks between 26th and 30th. The share with at least a high school diploma, 87.8%, is the 2nd lowest²² in the nation. These figures describe adults living in Texas, wherever they went to school; they do not measure the quality of Texas schools.

United States37.4% ±0.1

Texas35.5% ±0.3

New Mexico31.4% ±0.9

Arkansas28.8% ±0.7

Oklahoma28.7% ±0.5

Louisiana28.3% ±0.6

Source: Census Bureau, American Community Survey 1-year estimates, 2025, table B15003. Whiskers show the 90% margin of error. Period: 2025.

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State	Bachelor's degree or higher	MOE
United States	37.4%	±0.1
Texas	35.5%	±0.3
New Mexico	31.4%	±0.9
Arkansas	28.8%	±0.7
Oklahoma	28.7%	±0.5
Louisiana	28.3%	±0.6

Who moves to Texas, and from where

Survey data on individual moves show the same pull as the population estimates. In 2024, 556,156 people aged one and over moved to Texas from another state and 483,476²³ moved the other way. California sent the most people, followed by Florida and New York.

Moved to Texas from

California77,161 ±9,059

Florida52,219 ±8,571

New York28,233 ±4,541

Louisiana24,170 ±5,369

Illinois23,509 ±4,417

Colorado22,986 ±4,909

Georgia19,481 ±3,551

Oklahoma18,579 ±3,583

Left Texas for

California45,447 ±6,640

Florida45,259 ±12,219

Oklahoma28,074 ±3,746

Colorado27,574 ±4,594

Georgia20,968 ±3,871

Louisiana19,850 ±3,560

Illinois18,189 ±3,474

North Carolina16,498 ±3,764

Source: Census Bureau, State-to-State Migration Flows, 2024. People aged 1 and over who lived in another state a year earlier (and the reverse). Survey estimates: whiskers show the 90% margin of error.

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State	Moved in from	Moved out to
California	77,161 ±9,059	45,447 ±6,640
Florida	52,219 ±8,571	45,259 ±12,219
New York	28,233 ±4,541	16,324 ±3,888
Louisiana	24,170 ±5,369	19,850 ±3,560
Illinois	23,509 ±4,417	18,189 ±3,474
Colorado	22,986 ±4,909	27,574 ±4,594
Georgia	19,481 ±3,551	20,968 ±3,871
Oklahoma	18,579 ±3,583	28,074 ±3,746
North Carolina	–	16,498 ±3,764

Tax records point the same way: on returns filed for 2022 and 2023, Texas gained 112,481 more people than it lost, the highest net gain of any state, and the arriving households reported $5.5 billion²⁴ more income than those who left.

Immigration has long shaped the state. 5,850,851 Texans, 18.5% of the population, were born outside the United States, the 7th highest²⁵ share. More than a third of residents aged five and older (35.4%) speak a language other than English at home, most of them Spanish (27.6%²⁶).

Health insurance and life expectancy

Texas has the largest share of people without health insurance: 16.5% in 2025, 8.1 percentage points above the US figure (8.4%). Among children the rate was 13.0%, 6.9 percentage points above the US figure (6.1%)²⁷. Life expectancy at birth was 77.1 years in 2022, the latest year of the CDC's state life tables, 0.4 years below the US figure (77.5 years)²⁸.

Veterans

More veterans live in Texas than in any other state: 1,446,930 civilians aged 18 and older in 2025. Because the adult population is so large, they are a smaller share of civilian adults (6.0%) than in many states: tied for 15th lowest²⁹.