Vermont population: the fewest births and the most rural state

645,000 residents, and fewer than the year before

The Census Bureau estimates that 644,663 people lived in Vermont on July 1, 2025. Only Wyoming, with 588,753, has fewer. Vermont is the smallest in the Northeast, smaller than every bordering state (Massachusetts, New Hampshire and New York), and holds 0.19%¹ of the US population.

The latest year brought a decline. The population changed by −1,858 between July 2024 and July 2025, a rate of −0.29%: the lowest in the nation, and 0.8 percentage points below the US figure (0.52%). Vermont was one of 5 states that lost population between July 2024 and July 2025. The estimate peaked at 647,722 in 2023 and was 646,521¹ in 2024.

Measured from the April 2020 base of 643,077, the state is still slightly larger: 1,586 people, or 0.25%, 2.9 percentage points below the US figure (3.10%). That growth is higher than New York; lower than Massachusetts and New Hampshire¹.

VermontUnited States

Source: Census Bureau, Intercensal Estimates of the Resident Population for States, 2000-2010; Census Bureau, Intercensal Estimates of the Resident Population for States, 2010-2020; Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program, Vintage 2025. July 1 estimates: intercensal series for 2000–2019, Vintage 2025 for 2020–2025.

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Year	Vermont	United States
2010	100.0	100.0
2011	100.5	100.8
2012	100.7	101.6
2013	101.0	102.4
2014	101.2	103.2
2015	101.5	104.0
2016	101.6	104.8
2017	102.0	105.6
2018	102.3	106.2
2019	102.5	106.7
2020	102.7	107.2
2021	103.3	107.3
2022	103.4	108.0
2023	103.4	108.8
2024	103.2	109.9
2025	102.9	110.5

What percent of Vermont is white

The answer depends on the source and on how race is counted. In the Census Bureau's July 2025 population estimates, 89.4% of residents are white and not Hispanic, the highest in the nation. Maine is almost level at 89.3%, followed by West Virginia (88.7%) and New Hampshire (86.9%). People who reported white as their only race, Hispanic or not, are 91.6%, 19.3 percentage points above the US figure (72.3%)¹¹.

The 2025 American Community Survey (ACS), a sample survey with margins of error, gives a lower non-Hispanic white share, 87.9% (±0.3 percentage points), down from 89.3% in 2024². The same survey counts 95.0%¹² of Vermonters as white alone or in combination with another race. The two programs use different methods, so their shares should not be mixed in one comparison.

Single group (adds to 100%)Alone or in combination with other races

White, not Hispanic87.9% 95.0%

Two or more races, not Hispanic5.1%

Hispanic or Latino (any race)2.8%

Asian, not Hispanic1.9% 3.0%

Black, not Hispanic1.7% 2.7%

American Indian and Alaska Native, not Hispanic0.3% 2.5%

Some other race, not Hispanic0.3%

Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander, not Hispanic0.0% 0.1%

Source: Census Bureau, American Community Survey 1-year estimates, 2025, table B03002; Census Bureau, American Community Survey 1-year estimates, 2025, table B02009. The dark bars are mutually exclusive and add to 100%. The light bars count everyone who reported the race, alone or with another race and of any ethnicity, so they overlap and add to more than 100%.

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Group	Share (single group)	MOE	Alone or in combination
White, not Hispanic	87.9%	±0.3	95.0%
Two or more races, not Hispanic	5.1%	±0.4	–
Hispanic or Latino (any race)	2.8%	±0.1	–
Asian, not Hispanic	1.9%	±0.3	3.0%
Black, not Hispanic	1.7%	±0.3	2.7%
American Indian and Alaska Native, not Hispanic	0.3%	±0.1	2.5%
Some other race, not Hispanic	0.3%	±0.1	–
Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander, not Hispanic	0.0%		0.1%

The white share is falling slowly. In the population estimates, the non-Hispanic white share of 89.4% is down from 90.6% in 2020¹¹. The groups that grew remain small:

• Black residents are 1.8% of the population, up from 1.5% in 2020 and 5th lowest among the states.
• Hispanic or Latino residents of any race are 2.8%, up from 2.4% in 2020. People of Mexican origin make up 0.6%, a share that ranks between 50th and 51st of the 50 states and DC, against 11.3%¹⁴ nationally.
• Asian residents are 2.2%, up from 1.8% in 2020¹¹.
• Non-Hispanic residents who report two or more races are 5.1% in the ACS, not statistically different from the US figure (5.0%)²: the one group in which Vermont matches the country.

On the Census Bureau's diversity index, the chance that two residents picked at random belong to different race or ethnic groups, Vermont scores 22.3, the 2nd least diverse state and less diverse than every bordering state (Massachusetts, New Hampshire and New York)¹⁵.

A census history of slow growth

Vermont's slow population growth is not new. The first census, in 1790, counted 85,425 people, the 12th of 18 among the present states with a count. By 1850 the count was 314,120, and for the next ninety years it grew slowly: 332,422 in 1890, 352,428 in 1920 (lower than the 355,956 of 1910) and 359,231¹⁶ in 1940.

Source: Census Bureau, Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals by Race, 1790 to 1990; Census Bureau, 2020 Census apportionment results and historical resident population 1910-2020; Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program, Vintage 2025. Census counts every ten years (April 1); estimates for July 1 after 2020.

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Year	Vermont
1790	85,425
1800	154,465
1810	217,895
1820	235,981
1830	280,652
1840	291,948
1850	314,120
1860	315,098
1870	330,551
1880	332,286
1890	332,422
1900	343,641
1910	355,956
1920	352,428
1930	359,611
1940	359,231
1950	377,747
1960	389,881
1970	444,330
1980	511,456
1990	562,758
2000	608,827
2010	625,741
2020	643,077
2021	647,238
2022	647,614
2023	647,722
2024	646,521
2025	644,663

Growth picked up after 1960: the count rose from 389,881 that year to 562,758 in 1990 and 625,741 in 2010. The decade to 2020 added only 2.8%, 4.6 percentage points below the US figure (7.4%). Because the rest of the country grew faster for most of two centuries, Vermont's rank slid from 23rd of 38 in 1850 to 47th of 51¹⁶ in 1950 and 50th of 51⁶ in 2020. Today's population is 1.7 times¹ the 1950 count.

Vermont population by age: the fewest children

Vermont has fewer children than any other state, in number and as a share. Its 109,614 residents under 18 in July 2025 were the fewest in the nation, down from 117,905 in 2020; Wyoming, with fewer people overall, has more children. They make up 17.0% of the population, the lowest in the nation, just below New Hampshire (17.3%). Children under 5 are 4.0%, also the lowest in the nation¹¹.

MenWomenUnited States

MenWomen

85+

80–84

75–79

70–74

65–69

60–64

55–59

50–54

45–49

40–44

35–39

30–34

25–29

20–24

15–19

10–14

5–9

0–4

Source: Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program, Vintage 2025. Share of the total population in each age group. Vertical ticks: the United States.

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Age	Men (%)	Women (%)	US men (%)	US women (%)
0-4	2.08	1.96	2.76	2.65
5-9	2.32	2.23	2.96	2.83
10-14	2.64	2.46	3.08	2.95
15-19	3.21	3.11	3.31	3.16
20-24	3.45	3.31	3.43	3.28
25-29	2.58	2.55	3.46	3.37
30-34	2.99	2.99	3.41	3.38
35-39	3.28	3.28	3.38	3.40
40-44	3.15	3.19	3.21	3.27
45-49	2.90	2.95	2.93	3.03
50-54	2.82	2.87	2.83	2.96
55-59	3.10	3.25	2.86	3.02
60-64	3.46	3.77	2.96	3.21
65-69	3.53	3.81	2.75	3.08
70-74	3.11	3.36	2.26	2.64
75-79	2.31	2.61	1.71	2.08
80-84	1.34	1.61	1.00	1.32
85+	0.96	1.45	0.78	1.28

At the other end, 155,289 residents are 65 or older, up from 133,334 in 2020. Their share, 24.1%, is 5.2 percentage points above the US figure (18.9%) and 2nd highest after Maine (24.6%). For every 100 people of working age (18 to 64) there are 40.9 aged 65 and older, up from 34.0 in 2020 and 30% above the US figure (31.5)¹¹.

The median age in the 2025 ACS was 44.6 years (±0.3 years), 5.1 years above the US figure (39.5 years). With margins of error the state ranks between 2nd and 3rd oldest: older than Massachusetts and New York; not statistically different from New Hampshire. Maine is at 45.1 years³. Vermont's median was 40.7 years¹⁷ in 2005.

United States21.1%

West Virginia19.5%

Connecticut19.5%

Oregon19.0%

Florida18.9%

Massachusetts18.6%

District of Columbia17.9%

Rhode Island17.7%

New Hampshire17.3%

Maine17.3%

Vermont17.0%

Source: Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program, Vintage 2025. Period: July 1, 2025.

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State	Under 18
United States	21.1%
West Virginia	19.5%
Connecticut	19.5%
Oregon	19.0%
Florida	18.9%
Massachusetts	18.6%
District of Columbia	17.9%
Rhode Island	17.7%
New Hampshire	17.3%
Maine	17.3%
Vermont	17.0%

The lowest birth rate in the country

In the year to June 2025 Vermont recorded 4,979 births, the lowest in the nation, and 6,748 deaths. Per resident, the birth rate of 7.7 per 1,000 residents is the lowest in the nation and 27% below the US figure (10.6 per 1,000 residents), while the death rate of 10.4 per 1,000 residents is 15% above the US figure (9.1 per 1,000 residents). The natural decrease of −1,769 equals −2.7 per 1,000 residents, the 3rd lowest¹ rate.

United States10.6

Florida9.7

West Virginia9.6

Massachusetts9.5

New Mexico9.5

Connecticut9.4

Rhode Island9.0

Oregon9.0

New Hampshire8.4

Maine8.4

Vermont7.7

Source: Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program, Vintage 2025. Period: July 1, 2024 to June 30, 2025.

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State	Birth rate per 1,000
United States	10.6
Florida	9.7
West Virginia	9.6
Massachusetts	9.5
New Mexico	9.5
Connecticut	9.4
Rhode Island	9.0
Oregon	9.0
New Hampshire	8.4
Maine	8.4
Vermont	7.7

Final birth records from the National Center for Health Statistics confirm the pattern: the calendar 2024 birth rate, 7.7 per 1,000 residents, was also the lowest in the nation. Vermont's total fertility rate, the number of children a woman would have at that year's birth rates, was 1.27, the lowest of any state (the District of Columbia is lower) and 20% below the US figure (1.60). Births per 1,000 women aged 15 to 44 were 41.7 per 1,000 women aged 15 to 44, 22% below the US figure (53.8 per 1,000 women aged 15 to 44)¹⁸.

The gap is wider for women in their late twenties than for women in their early thirties. The birth rate for women aged 25 to 29 was 70.7 per 1,000 women aged 25 to 29, 21% below the US figure (89.5 per 1,000 women aged 25 to 29); for women 30 to 34 it was 82.8 per 1,000 women aged 30 to 34, 12% below the US figure (93.7 per 1,000 women aged 30 to 34). Teen births are rare: 6.3 per 1,000 females aged 15 to 19, the 3rd lowest¹⁸ rate.

Since the 2020 Census, 26,975 babies were born in the state, the lowest in the nation, and 35,644 residents died. Vermont is one of 20 states that recorded more deaths than births between April 2020 and June 2025¹.

Migration kept the total steady, until 2024

Because deaths exceed births, Vermont can only grow through migration. From April 2020 to June 2025, net migration added 10,279 people: 5,385 from other states and 4,894 from abroad. That outweighed the natural decrease of −8,669¹.

The domestic gain was concentrated at the start of the decade. Net moves from other states were 4,838 in the year to June 2021 and 1,111 in 2022, then 782 in 2023, −568 in 2024 and −726 in 2025. Net international migration fell from 1,249 to 623 in the latest year, 3rd lowest among the states. Together, net migration in the year to June 2025 was −103¹, too little to offset the natural decrease.

Births+4,979

Deaths−6,748

Net domestic migration−726

Net international migration+623

Residual (estimation adjustment)+14

Total change−1,858

Source: Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program, Vintage 2025. Each bar starts where the previous one ended. The residual is the part of the change the Census Bureau cannot assign to a component.

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Component	People
Births	4,979
Deaths	−6,748
Net domestic migration	−726
Net international migration	623
Residual (estimation adjustment)	14
Total change	−1,858

Recent arrivals are a large share of residents. In the 2025 ACS, 3.8% of residents had lived in another state a year earlier, 1.7 percentage points above the US figure (2.1%) and tied for 4th highest¹⁹. Fewer than half were born in the state: 45.1%, down from 47.2% in 2024, while 48.3% were born in another state, 6th highest. Most of those came from elsewhere in the Northeast (34.0%²⁰ of all residents).

Moved to Vermont from

Massachusetts4,274 ±1,447

New York3,565 ±1,311

Pennsylvania2,434 ±1,052

New Hampshire1,769 ±662

New Jersey1,356 ±968

California1,152 ±790

Texas1,152 ±891

Maryland956 ±699

Left Vermont for

New York2,668 ±927

Massachusetts1,734 ±600

New Hampshire1,592 ±780

Texas970 ±851

Florida872 ±476

Connecticut835 ±566

Illinois809 ±850

Pennsylvania744 ±570

Source: Census Bureau, State-to-State Migration Flows, 2024. People aged 1 and over who lived in another state a year earlier (and the reverse). Survey estimates: whiskers show the 90% margin of error.

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State	Moved in from	Moved out to
Massachusetts	4,274 ±1,447	1,734 ±600
New York	3,565 ±1,311	2,668 ±927
Pennsylvania	2,434 ±1,052	744 ±570
New Hampshire	1,769 ±662	1,592 ±780
New Jersey	1,356 ±968	492 ±381
California	1,152 ±790	–
Texas	1,152 ±891	970 ±851
Maryland	956 ±699	–
Florida	–	872 ±476
Connecticut	909 ±626	835 ±566
Illinois	–	809 ±850

The ACS migration flows for 2024 show 24,112 people (±3,347) arriving from other states and 14,653 (±2,483) leaving. Massachusetts sent the most (4,274), though that estimate is not statistically different from the flow from New York (3,565²¹). The largest numbers of leavers went to New York, Massachusetts and New Hampshire.

The sources do not line up exactly. The survey's net gain for 2024, 9,459 (±4,168²¹), is a sample estimate for one calendar year with a wide margin of error, while the population estimates show a small net loss to other states in the years ending June 2024 and June 2025. IRS address changes for 2022–23 show an almost even exchange: 16,939 people in, 16,855 out, a net of 84, while arriving households reported $93 million²² more income than departing ones.

The most rural state

At the 2020 Census, 64.9% of Vermonters lived in rural areas, the highest in the nation and 44.9 percentage points above the US figure (20.0%). Only 35.1% lived in urban areas; Maine, next lowest, had 38.6%²³.

District of Columbia 0.0%Vermont 64.9%

Source: Census Bureau, 2020 Census urban and rural population by state. Each dot is a state. Period: April 1, 2020.

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State	Rural population (%)
Vermont	64.9%
Maine	61.4%
West Virginia	55.4%
Mississippi	53.7%
Montana	46.6%
Arkansas	44.5%
South Dakota	42.8%
Alabama	42.3%
New Hampshire	41.7%
Kentucky	41.3%
North Dakota	39.0%
Wyoming	38.0%
Iowa	36.9%
Oklahoma	35.4%
Alaska	35.1%
Tennessee	33.8%
North Carolina	33.3%
Wisconsin	32.9%
South Carolina	32.1%
Idaho	30.8%
Missouri	30.5%
Indiana	28.8%
Louisiana	28.5%
Minnesota	28.1%
Kansas	27.7%
Nebraska	27.0%
Michigan	26.5%
Georgia	25.9%
New Mexico	25.5%
Virginia	24.4%
Ohio	23.7%
Pennsylvania	23.6%
Oregon	19.5%
Delaware	17.4%
Washington	16.6%
Texas	16.3%
Maryland	14.4%
Colorado	14.0%
Hawaii	13.9%
Connecticut	13.8%
Illinois	13.1%
New York	12.6%
Arizona	10.7%
Utah	10.2%
Rhode Island	9.0%
Massachusetts	8.7%
Florida	8.5%
New Jersey	6.3%
Nevada	5.9%
California	5.8%
District of Columbia	0.0%

Rural does not mean empty. With 69.9 people per square mile, Vermont is only the 20th least densely populated state, though less dense than every bordering state (Massachusetts, New Hampshire and New York)²⁴. Its 9,217 square miles of land make it the 9th smallest²⁵ state by area.

Incomes near the US median, poverty below it

The median household income was $86,018 in 2025 (±$2,458), not statistically different from the US figure ($84,780) and not statistically different from $84,907 in 2024 (in 2025 dollars)⁴. Per person, income is $50,244, $3,073 (7%) above the US figure ($47,171)²⁶, and the median for families is $113,115, $8,014 (8%) above the US figure ($105,101)²⁷.

VermontUnited States

Under $25,00012.9% 14.0%

$25,000–$49,99915.0% 15.4%

$50,000–$99,99928.9% 27.8%

$100,000–$199,99930.3% 28.0%

$200,000 or more13.0% 14.8%

Source: Census Bureau, American Community Survey 1-year estimates, 2025, table B19001. Share of households in each band of income in the past 12 months, in 2025 dollars.

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Household income	Vermont	MOE	United States
Under $25,000	12.9%	±1.0	14.0%
$25,000–$49,999	15.0%	±1.2	15.4%
$50,000–$99,999	28.9%	±1.7	27.8%
$100,000–$199,999	30.3%	±1.8	28.0%
$200,000 or more	13.0%	±1.0	14.8%

Poverty is less common than nationally. The official rate was 9.2% (±0.8 percentage points), 2.6 percentage points below the US figure (11.8%); its rank lies between 34th and 50th highest once margins of error are taken into account. Child poverty was 9.9%, 4.9 percentage points below the US figure (14.8%), and poverty among residents 65 and older 8.5%, 2.7 percentage points below the US figure (11.2%)⁵. The Census Bureau's Supplemental Poverty Measure, an alternative to the official rate, was 8.9% for 2023–2025, 4.1 percentage points below the US figure (13.0%)²⁹.

Incomes are also less concentrated at the top. The Gini index of household income inequality is 0.457, 5% below the US figure (0.482)³⁰. In 2023, 1,060 tax returns reported $1 million or more of income, the fewest in the nation; they were 0.32% of returns, 0.2 percentage points below the US figure (0.50%)³¹.

Prices overall are close to the national level: the Bureau of Economic Analysis puts Vermont's 2024 price level at 98.0 (US = 100), 2% below the US figure (100.0). Housing rents are 14% below the US figure (100.6), but utilities are 28% above the US figure (98.4), the 9th most expensive³² level.

Few residents on church rolls, most of them Catholic

Vermont's congregations counted 37.6% of residents in the 2020 U.S. Religion Census, the 7th lowest share, and Christian congregations 35.5%. The Catholic Church accounts for 55.5% of the state's adherents (20.9% of residents), though the United Church of Christ has more congregations: 129, against 106³³ Catholic parishes.

Synagogues counted 2,493 members, 0.39% of residents, the 15th highest³³ share among the states. As elsewhere, these are counts of people on congregation lists, not a measure of belief (religion overview).

Schooling: graduate degrees and near-universal high school

95.4% of adults 25 and older have finished high school (±2.2 percentage points), the highest estimate of any state and 4.8 percentage points above the US figure (90.6%); with margins of error its rank lies between 1st and 17th. A bachelor's degree or higher is held by 44.5% (±1.5 percentage points), 7.1 percentage points above the US figure (37.4%) and between 4th and 8th³⁴ highest, up from 32.5%¹⁷ in 2005.

The graduate share stands out more: 20.1% of adults hold a master's, professional or doctoral degree, 5.1 percentage points above the US figure (15.0%) and tied for 4th highest³⁴.

Massachusetts23.2% ±0.4

Vermont20.1% ±1.1

New York18.7% ±0.2

New Hampshire17.6% ±0.8

United States15.0% ±0.1

Source: Census Bureau, American Community Survey 1-year estimates, 2025, table B15003. Whiskers show the 90% margin of error. Period: 2025.

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State	Graduate or professional degree	MOE
Massachusetts	23.2%	±0.4
Vermont	20.1%	±1.1
New York	18.7%	±0.2
New Hampshire	17.6%	±0.8
United States	15.0%	±0.1

Among public high school students, the four-year graduation rate for 2021–22 was 83%, 4.0 percentage points below the US figure (87%)³⁵.

Few immigrants, mostly citizens

Vermont has 35,107 foreign-born residents (±3,895), 5.4% of the population and 9.3 percentage points below the US figure (14.7%). 70.3% of them (±6.2 percentage points) are naturalized US citizens, 16.4 percentage points above the US figure (53.9%); that share ranks between 1st and 3rd²⁰ among the states.

Their origins differ from the national mix. 25.3% were born in Europe, 15.8 percentage points above the US figure (9.5%), and 16.5% in Canada or elsewhere in Northern America, 14.8 percentage points above the US figure (1.7%). Latin America accounts for 18.1%, 32.2 percentage points below the US figure (50.3%)²⁰. In fiscal 2024, 630 people in Vermont became lawful permanent residents, 2nd lowest³⁶ of any state.

English dominates at home. 5.5% of residents 5 and older speak another language, 4th lowest among the states, and only 1.3% speak English less than "very well". Spanish is spoken at home by 1.3%, 2nd lowest³⁷. French is more distinctive: in 2020–2024, 7,398 residents spoke it at home, 1.2% and the 4th highest³⁸ share.

English, Irish and French Canadian roots

In the ACS for 2020–2024, 19.1% of Vermonters reported English ancestry, the 4th highest share in the country, and 16.8% Irish, the 3rd highest. French Canadian ancestry, at 6.9%, is the 2nd highest share of any state, and another 8.6%³⁹ reported French. Residents can name two ancestries, so the groups overlap.

In the 2020 Census, 12,282 residents reported American Indian identity alone or with another race, and 1,591 reported it as their only race. Among people alone or in combination, the largest group named was the Abenaki Nation of Missisquoi (2,560⁴⁰). A person can report several groups, so the counts overlap.

Small households in older homes

Vermont's 285,750 households average 2.17 people, between 49th and 50th⁴² in size among the states, down from 2.42 in 2005¹⁷. Family households are 59.4% of the total, 4.5 percentage points below the US figure (63.9%), and 31.3% of households are one person living alone, 2.1 percentage points above the US figure (29.2%)⁴¹.

Most households own their home: 72.7%, 7.4 percentage points above the US figure (65.3%)⁴³. The housing stock is old: 23.1% of homes were built before 1940, 11.8 percentage points above the US figure (11.3%)⁴⁴. Of 346,275⁴⁵ housing units, 17.5% were vacant in 2025 (±0.8 percentage points), 2nd highest after Maine and 7.9 percentage points above the US figure (9.6%)⁴⁶. The Census Bureau counts a home as vacant when nobody lives in it at the time of the survey; homes held for seasonal, recreational or occasional use are one of its vacancy categories.

VermontUnited States

Source: Census Bureau, American Community Survey 1-year estimates, 2005-2019 and 2021-2025. ACS 1-year estimates; no standard 1-year release for 2020. Adjusted to 2025 dollars with the CPI-U annual average. Shaded band: 90% margin of error.

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Year	Vermont	United States
2005	$285,842 ±$5,049	$276,116 ±$531
2006	$308,209 ±$6,238	$295,753 ±$781
2007	$318,928 ±$5,712	$301,692 ±$666
2008	$321,041 ±$6,330	$295,472 ±$677
2009	$324,589 ±$5,167	$277,919 ±$494
2010	$320,089 ±$5,740	$265,609 ±$431
2011	$305,857 ±$5,380	$248,464 ±$361
2012	$304,143 ±$4,933	$241,043 ±$360
2013	$301,687 ±$5,318	$240,327 ±$310
2014	$291,840 ±$4,606	$246,418 ±$458
2015	$303,854 ±$6,123	$264,192 ±$394
2016	$300,069 ±$5,378	$274,985 ±$626
2017	$297,225 ±$4,550	$285,798 ±$574
2018	$298,856 ±$6,313	$294,497 ±$469
2019	$293,663 ±$6,317	$302,856 ±$568
2021	$322,573 ±$5,741	$334,335 ±$537
2022	$335,193 ±$8,312	$353,015 ±$684
2023	$350,786 ±$6,364	$359,450 ±$603
2024	$362,083 ±$7,468	$370,088 ±$634
2025	$359,800 ±$8,499	$371,100 ±$646

The median home value, $359,800, is $11,300 (3%) below the US figure ($371,100)⁴⁷. The median rent of $1,338 is $219 (14%) below the US figure ($1,557)⁴⁸, and the share of renters who are cost-burdened in the Census Bureau's definition, 49.7%, is not statistically different from the US figure (51.8%)⁴⁹.

HUD's point-in-time count for one night in January 2025 found 3,386 people experiencing homelessness, 52.4 per 10,000 residents, the 4th highest rate. Most were in shelters: only 8.0% were unsheltered, 27.7 percentage points below the US figure (35.7%)⁵⁰.

Health, work and veterans

Few Vermonters lack health insurance: 3.8%, 4.6 percentage points below the US figure (8.4%), a rate that ranks between 47th and 50th⁵¹ highest. Medicare covers 24.9% of residents, 5.3 percentage points above the US figure (19.6%)⁵². Life expectancy at birth was 78.3 years in 2022, 0.8 years above the US figure (77.5 years)⁵³. The age-adjusted drug overdose death rate in 2024 was 33.6 per 100,000, age-adjusted, 45% above the US figure (23.1 per 100,000, age-adjusted)⁵⁴, and 15.9% of residents have a disability, 2.2 percentage points above the US figure (13.7%)⁵⁵.

Unemployment averaged 2.7% in 2025 (Bureau of Labor Statistics), the 4th lowest rate, and 64.1% of residents 16 and older were in the labor force, 1.7 percentage points above the US figure (62.4%)⁵⁶. 15.9% of workers mostly work from home, 3.0 percentage points above the US figure (12.9%)⁵⁷. Vermont's economy is the smallest in the nation: gross domestic product was $49.7 billion⁶⁰ in 2025.

The state has 33,009 veterans, the lowest of any state (the District of Columbia is lower). As a share of civilian adults, 6.1%, that is not statistically different from the US figure (5.9%)⁵⁹. 36.0% of them served in the Vietnam era, 5.1 percentage points above the US figure (30.9%)⁶¹.