Iowa population, people and households

On July 1, 2025, Iowa had 3,238,387 residents, 0.95% of the US population and the 20th smallest state. The total has risen in every annual estimate since 2000, so each new figure is a record, but the steps are small. The state added 7,933 people between July 2024 and July 2025, a growth rate of 0.25% against 0.52% for the country. In numbers, that gain was lower than every bordering state (Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, South Dakota and Wisconsin)¹.

Slow growth since the 2020 Census

Since the April 2020 estimates base, Iowa has gained 47,805 residents, or 1.50%. That rate is 1.6 percentage points below the US figure (3.10%) and higher than Illinois and Wisconsin; lower than Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska and South Dakota¹. Over the previous decade, 2010 to 2020, the census count grew 4.7%, 2.7 percentage points below the US figure (7.4%)⁶.

Iowa kept its 4 House seats after the 2020 apportionment (+0), and each seat represents 798,102 people, the 6th highest⁹ apportionment population per seat among the 50 states.

From 10th largest in 1900 to the middle of the table

The first census to count the area of present-day Iowa, in 1840, found 43,112 people. The count then climbed to 1,194,020 in 1870 and 2,231,853 in 1900, when Iowa ranked 10th of 51¹⁰ among the present-day states and DC.

Source: Census Bureau, Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals by Race, 1790 to 1990; Census Bureau, 2020 Census apportionment results and historical resident population 1910-2020; Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program, Vintage 2025. Census counts every ten years (April 1); estimates for July 1 after 2020.

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Year	Iowa
1840	43,112
1850	192,214
1860	674,913
1870	1,194,020
1880	1,624,615
1890	1,912,297
1900	2,231,853
1910	2,224,771
1920	2,404,021
1930	2,470,939
1940	2,538,268
1950	2,621,073
1960	2,757,537
1970	2,824,376
1980	2,913,808
1990	2,776,755
2000	2,926,324
2010	3,046,355
2020	3,190,369
2021	3,199,037
2022	3,201,890
2023	3,214,739
2024	3,230,454
2025	3,238,387

The 1910 count, 2,224,771, was lower than the 1900 count, and Iowa slipped to 15th of 51. Growth resumed, but other states grew faster: Iowa's rank fell at every census from 1910 to 1990, to 22nd of 51 in 1950 and 30th of 51 in 1990. The count reached 2,913,808 in 1980, fell to 2,776,755¹⁰ in 1990, and did not pass the 1980 level again until the 2000 Census (2,926,324). By 2020 Iowa ranked 31st of 51⁶.

Births ahead of deaths, migrants from abroad ahead of departures

Iowa's growth since 2020 has three parts, and they pull in different directions. Between April 2020 and June 2025 the state recorded 190,875 births and 178,442 deaths, a natural increase of 12,433. Net international migration added 45,014. The balance of moves to and from other states was −10,148: Iowa is one of 24 states, plus the District of Columbia, that lost more residents to other states than they gained between April 2020 and June 2025¹.

The yearly pattern shows where the 2025 slowdown came from. Net international migration fell from 12,701 in the year to June 2024 to 5,903 in the year to June 2025, while the domestic balance stayed close to zero (−970). Arrivals from abroad still made up 74% of the year's population change, and natural increase 37%¹; together they exceed the total because the domestic balance was negative.

Both of Iowa's vital rates are above the national ones. The birth rate in the year to June 2025 was 11.3 per 1,000 residents, 6% above the US figure (10.6 per 1,000 residents), and the death rate 10.4 per 1,000 residents, 14% above the US figure (9.1 per 1,000 residents). The gap between them leaves natural increase at 0.9 per 1,000 residents, 40% below the US figure (1.5 per 1,000 residents)¹.

A state of people born in Iowa

In 2025, 68.8% of Iowa residents were born in the state, 12.4 percentage points above the US figure (56.4%). That share ranks between 4th and 7th among the states once the survey's margins of error are allowed for, and it is higher than Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska and South Dakota; not statistically different from Wisconsin. Of the 23.8% born in another state, most came from elsewhere in the Midwest (14.6% of all residents), against 4.3% from the West, 3.7% from the South and 1.3%¹¹ from the Northeast.

Moved to Iowa from

Illinois10,691 ±2,090

Texas5,861 ±2,811

Minnesota5,086 ±1,099

Nebraska4,800 ±1,250

Wisconsin3,739 ±964

Missouri3,254 ±970

Colorado2,866 ±1,605

California2,485 ±1,155

Left Iowa for

Illinois6,721 ±1,744

Nebraska6,626 ±1,928

Minnesota5,965 ±1,581

Arizona4,596 ±2,154

Wisconsin4,117 ±1,324

Texas3,755 ±1,433

Pennsylvania3,205 ±1,713

New Jersey2,427 ±1,908

Source: Census Bureau, State-to-State Migration Flows, 2024. People aged 1 and over who lived in another state a year earlier (and the reverse). Survey estimates: whiskers show the 90% margin of error.

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State	Moved in from	Moved out to
Illinois	10,691 ±2,090	6,721 ±1,744
Texas	5,861 ±2,811	3,755 ±1,433
Minnesota	5,086 ±1,099	5,965 ±1,581
Nebraska	4,800 ±1,250	6,626 ±1,928
Wisconsin	3,739 ±964	4,117 ±1,324
Missouri	3,254 ±970	2,421 ±738
Colorado	2,866 ±1,605	–
California	2,485 ±1,155	–
Arizona	–	4,596 ±2,154
Pennsylvania	–	3,205 ±1,713
New Jersey	–	2,427 ±1,908

The Census Bureau's survey of movers counted 59,199 people who moved to Iowa from another state in 2024 and 69,493 who left, a net change of −10,294. Illinois was the largest source of arrivals (10,691), statistically larger than the flow from Texas. The largest destinations were Illinois (6,721) and Nebraska (6,626); the first is not statistically different from the flow to Nebraska¹².

What percent of Iowa is white, Black, Hispanic or Asian

In the 2025 American Community Survey, 80.2% of Iowans were non-Hispanic white (±0.2 percentage points), 25.2 percentage points above the US figure (55.0%). Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 7.9%, non-Hispanic Black residents 4.3%, non-Hispanic multiracial residents 4.3% and non-Hispanic Asian residents 2.5%².

Single group (adds to 100%)Alone or in combination with other races

White, not Hispanic80.2% 89.8%

Hispanic or Latino (any race)7.9%

Black, not Hispanic4.3% 6.0%

Two or more races, not Hispanic4.3%

Asian, not Hispanic2.5% 3.4%

Some other race, not Hispanic0.4%

American Indian and Alaska Native, not Hispanic0.2% 2.2%

Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander, not Hispanic0.2% 0.4%

Source: Census Bureau, American Community Survey 1-year estimates, 2025, table B03002; Census Bureau, American Community Survey 1-year estimates, 2025, table B02009. The dark bars are mutually exclusive and add to 100%. The light bars count everyone who reported the race, alone or with another race and of any ethnicity, so they overlap and add to more than 100%.

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Group	Share (single group)	MOE	Alone or in combination
White, not Hispanic	80.2%	±0.2	89.8%
Hispanic or Latino (any race)	7.9%	±0.1	–
Black, not Hispanic	4.3%	±0.2	6.0%
Two or more races, not Hispanic	4.3%	±0.2	–
Asian, not Hispanic	2.5%	±0.1	3.4%
Some other race, not Hispanic	0.4%	±0.1	–
American Indian and Alaska Native, not Hispanic	0.2%	±0.1	2.2%
Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander, not Hispanic	0.2%	±0.1	0.4%

The non-Hispanic white share is falling steadily. It was 91.5%¹⁴ in 2005 and is down from 81.2% in 2024², a statistically significant one-year drop. The Census Bureau's population estimates show the same direction since the 2020 Census: the Hispanic share was 8.1% in July 2025, up from 6.8% in 2020, and the Black alone share 4.9%, up from 4.3% in 2020¹⁵. Most Hispanic Iowans are of Mexican origin (5.0% of the whole population in 2020–2024), followed by Central American origin (1.0%¹⁶).

IowaUnited States

Source: Census Bureau, American Community Survey 1-year estimates, 2005-2019 and 2021-2025. ACS 1-year estimates; no standard 1-year release for 2020. Shaded band: 90% margin of error.

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Year	Iowa	United States
2005	91.5% ±0.1	66.8% ±0.0
2006	91.0% ±0.0	66.2% ±0.0
2007	90.5% ±0.1	65.8% ±0.0
2008	90.2% ±0.1	65.4% ±0.0
2009	89.9% ±0.1	64.9% ±0.0
2010	88.6% ±0.1	63.7% ±0.0
2011	88.4% ±0.0	63.3% ±0.0
2012	88.0% ±0.1	62.8% ±0.0
2013	87.5% ±0.1	62.4% ±0.0
2014	87.1% ±0.0	61.9% ±0.0
2015	86.8% ±0.0	61.5% ±0.0
2016	86.4% ±0.1	61.1% ±0.0
2017	85.9% ±0.1	60.6% ±0.0
2018	85.4% ±0.1	60.2% ±0.0
2019	85.1% ±0.1	60.0% ±0.0
2021	83.0% ±0.2	58.1% ±0.0
2022	82.8% ±0.1	57.7% ±0.0
2023	82.4% ±0.1	57.1% ±0.0
2024	81.2% ±0.1	56.3% ±0.0
2025	80.2% ±0.2	55.0% ±0.0

Even so, Iowa remains one of the least diverse states. On the diversity index, the chance that two residents picked at random belong to different racial or ethnic groups, Iowa scores 34.6, 45% below the US figure (63.5). It is the 7th least diverse state, least diverse in the Midwest and less diverse than every bordering state (Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, South Dakota and Wisconsin)¹⁷.

United States63.5

Illinois62.6

Nebraska45.3

Minnesota44.9

Missouri42.9

Wisconsin40.1

South Dakota38.4

Iowa34.6

Source: States Demographics, Computed, table B03002. Period: 2025.

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State	Diversity index
United States	63.5
Illinois	62.6
Nebraska	45.3
Minnesota	44.9
Missouri	42.9
Wisconsin	40.1
South Dakota	38.4
Iowa	34.6

One small group stands out: Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander residents are 0.4% of the population, the 9th highest share and highest in the Midwest¹⁵. The section on newer communities below shows which groups make up that figure. Searches also ask what share of Iowa is Catholic or Muslim; the federal sources used on this site do not include religion, so this page has no figure for it.

Rural Iowa and the land

At the 2020 Census, 36.9% of Iowans lived in rural areas, 16.9 percentage points above the US figure (20.0%). That is the 13th highest rural share and higher than Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska and Wisconsin; lower than South Dakota. The other 63.1%¹⁸ lived in urban areas as the Census Bureau defines them.

Iowa covers 55,854 square miles of land; water makes up only 0.7%¹⁹ of its total area. With 58.0 people per square mile in 2025, it is 40% below the US figure (96.7 people per square mile) and denser than Nebraska and South Dakota; less dense than Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri and Wisconsin²⁰. Housing follows the same pattern: 71.5% of homes are single-family detached houses (10.6 percentage points above the US figure (60.9%)), 7.6% are in buildings with 20 or more units (3.5 percentage points below the US figure (11.1%)²¹), and 76.5%²² of workers drive to work alone.

Many very old residents, and many young children

Iowa's median age, 39.4 years in 2025 (±0.2 years), is not statistically different from the US figure (39.5 years)³. The median hides an unusual shape. Residents aged 85 and older make up 2.5% of the population, tied for 4th highest among the states, highest in the Midwest and higher than every bordering state (Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, South Dakota and Wisconsin). At the same time, children under 18 are 22.2%, 1.2 percentage points above the US figure (21.1%)¹⁵.

MenWomenUnited States

MenWomen

85+

80–84

75–79

70–74

65–69

60–64

55–59

50–54

45–49

40–44

35–39

30–34

25–29

20–24

15–19

10–14

5–9

0–4

Source: Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program, Vintage 2025. Share of the total population in each age group. Vertical ticks: the United States.

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Age	Men (%)	Women (%)	US men (%)	US women (%)
0-4	2.89	2.79	2.76	2.65
5-9	3.11	2.97	2.96	2.83
10-14	3.27	3.13	3.08	2.95
15-19	3.61	3.38	3.31	3.16
20-24	3.73	3.48	3.43	3.28
25-29	3.16	2.90	3.46	3.37
30-34	3.14	3.02	3.41	3.38
35-39	3.19	3.10	3.38	3.40
40-44	3.21	3.08	3.21	3.27
45-49	2.93	2.84	2.93	3.03
50-54	2.67	2.64	2.83	2.96
55-59	2.76	2.77	2.86	3.02
60-64	3.00	3.16	2.96	3.21
65-69	2.93	3.14	2.75	3.08
70-74	2.50	2.73	2.26	2.64
75-79	1.79	2.09	1.71	2.08
80-84	1.04	1.36	1.00	1.32
85+	0.91	1.57	0.78	1.28

With large groups at both ends, the working-age share is small. People aged 18 to 64 are 57.7% of the population, a share tied for 4th lowest among the states. The total dependency ratio, children and residents 65 and older per 100 people of working age, is 73.3, tied for 4th highest. The balance is shifting toward the older end: Iowa had 649,656 residents aged 65 and older in July 2025, up from 577,557 in 2020, and 719,648 children, down from 740,568 in 2020¹⁵.

Births per woman are well above the national level. The total fertility rate, the average number of births per woman at 2024 rates, was 1.80, 12% above the US figure (1.60) and tied for 5th highest among the states. The difference is largest among women in their late twenties: 123.0 per 1,000 women aged 25 to 29, 37% above the US figure (89.5 per 1,000 women aged 25 to 29)²³.

South Dakota2.04

Nebraska1.92

Idaho1.82

North Dakota1.81

Iowa1.80

Utah1.80

Kentucky1.80

Alaska1.80

Kansas1.77

Indiana1.77

Source: CDC National Center for Health Statistics, Births. Period: 2024.

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State	Births per woman
South Dakota	2.04
Nebraska	1.92
Idaho	1.82
North Dakota	1.81
Iowa	1.80
Utah	1.80
Kentucky	1.80
Alaska	1.80
Kansas	1.77
Indiana	1.77

Lower incomes, lower prices and the second-lowest rent

The median household income in Iowa was $76,483 in 2025 (±$958), $8,297 (10%) below the US figure ($84,780); it is not statistically different from $77,488 in 2024 (in 2025 dollars)⁴. Per capita personal income, the Bureau of Economic Analysis measure that includes all sources of income, was $67,321 in 2025, lower than every bordering state (Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, South Dakota and Wisconsin)²⁴.

Prices change the picture. The BEA's regional price parity for Iowa was 87.8 in 2024 (US = 100), 12% below the US figure (100.0) and tied for 3rd least expensive in the country. Goods cost 6% below the US figure (99.6), less expensive than every bordering state (Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, South Dakota and Wisconsin), and other services were the 3rd least expensive of any state. Adjusted for those prices, per capita income was $60,144, $949 (2%) above the US figure ($59,195)²⁵.

Housing is where the gap is widest. The median gross rent, $1,026 a month in 2025 (±$18), is $531 (34%) below the US figure ($1,557); only West Virginia ($921²⁶) had a lower median. The median home value, $237,000, is $134,100 (36%) below the US figure ($371,100)²⁷, and 71.4% of households own their home, 6.1 percentage points above the US figure (65.3%)²⁹. Low rents do not mean low burdens for every renter: 46.5% of renting households spent at least three-tenths of their income on housing, up from 43.2% in 2024³⁰.

Oklahoma$1,107 ±$11

Louisiana$1,105 ±$15

South Dakota$1,089 ±$33

Wyoming$1,087 ±$57

Kentucky$1,072 ±$16

North Dakota$1,071 ±$32

Arkansas$1,055 ±$20

Mississippi$1,033 ±$26

Iowa$1,026 ±$18

West Virginia$921 ±$22

Source: Census Bureau, American Community Survey 1-year estimates, 2025, table B25064. Whiskers show the 90% margin of error; states whose whiskers overlap may not differ significantly. Period: 2025.

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State	Median gross rent	MOE
Oklahoma	$1,107	±$11
Louisiana	$1,105	±$15
South Dakota	$1,089	±$33
Wyoming	$1,087	±$57
Kentucky	$1,072	±$16
North Dakota	$1,071	±$32
Arkansas	$1,055	±$20
Mississippi	$1,033	±$26
Iowa	$1,026	±$18
West Virginia	$921	±$22

The official poverty rate was 11.0% in 2025 (±0.5 percentage points), 0.8 percentage points below the US figure (11.8%). Child poverty was 11.9%, down from 13.6% in 2024, while poverty among residents 65 and older was 10.1%, up from 8.3% in 2024⁵. The Supplemental Poverty Measure, which counts benefits and local housing costs, averaged 8.3% over 2023–2025, 4.7 percentage points below the US figure (13.0%)²⁸.

The only state where Mainline Protestants lead

Iowa is the one state where Mainline Protestant churches form the largest religious tradition. In the 2020 U.S. Religion Census they counted 15.7% of residents, the 3rd highest share, just ahead of Catholic parishes (14.7%). The Catholic Church is still the largest single body; the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (5.8%) and The United Methodist Church (5.4%, with 735³¹ congregations) follow.

The mosque study estimated 23,211 people taking part in Iowa's mosques (0.73%). Iowa's overall adherence rate, 44.9%, is lower than every bordering state (Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, South Dakota and Wisconsin)³¹, and it fell from 53.9%³² in the 2010 study. The counts come from congregations and are not a survey of belief; see religion across the states.

Luxembourger, Dutch and Czech roots

German is by far the most common ancestry in Iowa: 914,217 people, 28.2%³³ of residents in 2025, the 5th highest share in the 2020–2024 estimates. Several smaller European ancestries are more concentrated here than almost anywhere. In the 2020–2024 survey, Iowa had the highest share of residents reporting Luxembourger ancestry (0.16%, ahead of Wisconsin at 0.11%), the 3rd highest Dutch share, the 3rd highest Czech share and the 5th highest³⁴ Danish share.

Ancestry is self-reported and a person can give two, so the shares overlap and do not sum to the whole population.

Sudanese, Burmese, Laotian and Pacific Islander newcomers

Iowa has a small immigrant population: 214,002 foreign-born residents in 2025, 6.6% of the total and 8.1 percentage points below the US figure (14.7%). Its origins differ from the national mix. 20.2% of Iowa's foreign-born residents were born in Africa, 14.3 percentage points above the US figure (5.9%), and 38.8% in Latin America, 11.5 percentage points below the US figure (50.3%). Only 42.8% have become US citizens, 11.1 percentage points below the US figure (53.9%)¹¹.

Specific groups show up in the detailed tables. In the 2020–2024 estimates, Iowa and Nebraska had the highest shares of residents of Sudanese ancestry (0.21% and 0.20%), and Iowa had the highest share reporting Yugoslavian ancestry (0.21%, with Missouri at 0.20%). Liberian ancestry ranks 4th highest³⁴ by share.

Among Asian groups, Asian Indians are the largest (16,299), but the groups that set Iowa apart are Laotian (5,973, the 2nd highest share after Rhode Island) and Burmese (8,448, the 4th highest³⁵ share). The largest Pacific Islander groups come from Micronesia: 1,753 Marshallese and 836 Chuukese residents, the 5th highest and 2nd highest³⁶ shares in the country (2020–2024, medium to high reliability).

At home, 10.2% of residents aged 5 and older speak a language other than English, most often Spanish (5.1%³⁷). Swahili and other languages of Central, Eastern and Southern Africa are spoken by 15,576 people (0.51%), the 3rd highest share, and Serbo-Croatian by 6,548³⁸, tied for 2nd highest³⁹. Both 2025 estimates are of medium reliability.

Associate's degrees and high school graduation

Iowa's education profile is weighted toward the middle. 93.7% of adults aged 25 and older have finished high school (±1.0 percentage points), 3.1 percentage points above the US figure (90.6%), and public high schools graduated 90% of students on time in the 2021–22 school year, tied for 2nd highest⁴¹ in the country. 12.5% of adults hold an associate's degree as their highest degree, the 3rd highest share behind North Dakota and South Dakota⁴⁰.

South Dakota13.2% ±0.8

Iowa12.5% ±0.4

Minnesota11.8% ±0.3

Nebraska11.4% ±0.5

Wisconsin11.3% ±0.3

United States8.9%

Illinois8.7% ±0.2

Missouri8.6% ±0.3

Source: Census Bureau, American Community Survey 1-year estimates, 2025, table B15003. Whiskers show the 90% margin of error. Period: 2025.

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State	Associate's degree	MOE
South Dakota	13.2%	±0.8
Iowa	12.5%	±0.4
Minnesota	11.8%	±0.3
Nebraska	11.4%	±0.5
Wisconsin	11.3%	±0.3
United States	8.9%
Illinois	8.7%	±0.2
Missouri	8.6%	±0.3

Four-year and graduate degrees are less common. 32.6% of adults have a bachelor's degree or higher (±0.6 percentage points), 4.8 percentage points below the US figure (37.4%), and 11.1% have a graduate or professional degree, 3.9 percentage points below the US figure (15.0%)⁴⁰.

Households: smaller, and many living alone

The 2025 survey counted 1,355,504 households in Iowa, with an average of 2.31 people, 7% below the US figure (2.49)⁴³. 32.4% of households are one person living alone, 3.2 percentage points above the US figure (29.2%); the share ranks between 2nd and 12th once margins of error are allowed for. Family households are 60.9%, down from 62.0% in 2024⁴².

Divorce is less common than in most states. Iowa's divorce rate in 2024 was 1.8 per 1,000 residents, the 5th lowest among the states that report divorces and 22% below the US figure (2.3 per 1,000 residents)⁴⁴. Among people 15 and older, 52.0% are married, 2.6 percentage points above the US figure (49.4%), and 31.3% have never married, 3.5 percentage points below the US figure (34.8%)⁴⁵.

Homelessness is also rare by national standards. HUD's January 2025 count found 2,816 people experiencing homelessness, 8.7 per 10,000 residents, the 6th lowest rate; the count was up 7.0% from 2,631 a year earlier, a change 10.3 percentage points above the US figure (−3.3%)⁴⁶.

Health coverage, and the largest Medicaid increase

Between June 2025 and June 2026, enrollment in Medicaid and CHIP in Iowa rose 1.0%, the highest in the nation, while national enrollment changed by −5.8%. Only Missouri (0.6%) and South Dakota (0.3%) also recorded increases. In June 2026, 678,280 Iowans were enrolled, 20.9%⁴⁷ of the population.

Iowa1.0%

Missouri0.6%

South Dakota0.3%

Hawaii−0.5%

Alabama−0.7%

North Dakota−0.8%

Washington−0.9%

New Jersey−1.2%

Source: CMS (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services), State Medicaid and CHIP Applications, Eligibility Determinations, and Enrollment Data. Period: June 2025 to June 2026.

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State	Medicaid and CHIP enrollment change
Iowa	1.0%
Missouri	0.6%
South Dakota	0.3%
Hawaii	−0.5%
Alabama	−0.7%
North Dakota	−0.8%
Washington	−0.9%
New Jersey	−1.2%

5.7% of Iowans had no health insurance in 2025, 2.7 percentage points below the US figure (8.4%)⁴⁸. Life expectancy at birth was 77.9 years in 2022, 0.4 years above the US figure (77.5 years): 75.6 years for men and 80.4 years⁴⁹ for women. The age-adjusted drug overdose death rate in 2024, 13.7 per 100,000, age-adjusted, was 41% below the US figure (23.1 per 100,000, age-adjusted), and infant mortality, 4.5 per 1,000 live births, 19% below the US figure (5.5 per 1,000 live births)⁵⁰.

Work, commutes and veterans

Iowa has one of the highest shares of adults in the labor force: 67.8% in 2025, a rate tied for 7th highest and 5.4 percentage points above the US figure (62.4%). Unemployment averaged 3.5% in 2025 and was 3.2%⁵¹ in September 2026. Commutes are short: the mean trip to work took 20.2 minutes, 7.2 minutes below the US figure (27.4 minutes)⁵².

The state has 151,216 veterans, 6.0% of civilian adults, not statistically different from the US figure (5.9%)⁵³. Their service leans toward earlier eras: 35.4% served in the Vietnam era, 4.5 percentage points above the US figure (30.9%), and 22.9% after September 2001, 8.5 percentage points below the US figure (31.4%)⁵⁴.